인간과 동물의 상호작용에 관한 새로운 과학이 우리와 개의 관계에 대해 밝혀주는 것.

anybody's interested see me after the talk not everyone however is a dog lover and you sometimes see these statements that you can see here dog people versus cat people who's more outgoing and more intelligent there was in life sciences but you see these things and things like time magazine huffington post all the time and the question is are there really differences first of all how many of you in the audience here and in the twitterverse consider yourselves dog people so if you're at home watching on the internet raise your hand you didn't raise your hand how many of you are cat people two that's three three four that's that's pretty good now the question is are there differences between cat people or dog people and research says yes and you've probably seen these studies and a lot of these data come from studies that we idea that we've heard from already today the big five personality inventory big five personalities studies show and some studies by some very good researchers like sam gosling university of texas have found that dog people are more extroverted conscientious agreeable a new study found that dog dog owners tended to be more conservative more socially dominant and more competitive on the other hand cat owners are have been found to be more open to new experiences more liberal sorry dog people but you're dumber than cat people according to these studies and the cat people are more neurotic now what does this actually mean so what can we really tell by knowing if a person says that they're a dog person versus a cat person and my answer is not very much at all and i've been warned not to step out of this box but i'm going to do it anyway i'm going to break the rules and the reason why i'm saying it doesn't matter very much if you're a dog person or a cat person is related to these overlapping graphs so there's a concept in psychology excuse me in statistics called effect size and something can be significant in a statistical sense that is to say not due to chance but it can still not make a very big difference or have a very big effect and this is what we see with a lot of these studies so for example let's take a look here i'm going to step out of the box okay so here we have here we have these bell curves you've all seen these before and this is the bell curve far and this is actual data for agreeableness on the big five of cat people versus dog people you can see that dog people tend to be more agreeable than cat people and you can see that by these vertical wines these vertical mines are the means in this case for dog people in this case for cat people so are dog people different than

cat people yes they tend to be more agreeable but note the most important thing is look how big the overlap is so the variation within cat people and dog people is much greater than the variation between cat people and dog people and we see this and we see this over and over again so if we have two people let's say we had a dog person named dan and a cat person named camille and um all we knew that was that dan was a dog person and camille was a cat person and we were then to predict well dan's a dog person therefore he's more agreeable than camille the cat person we would be wrong 45 of the time so in reality we cannot tell people very much tell very much about knowing whether people are cat people or dog people so for example with political attitudes time magazine did a survey and they found that cat dog people were more conservative but when you actually looked at the data cat versus dog person explained less than one percent of the differences between people in political attitudes even though the headlines said dog people are more conservative so don't take too much from that whoa um [Music] in recent years we've seen what's been called the humanization of pets and so now we have phenomena of not only with people dressing their pets up in these humiliating costumes i might add but also having rights such as birthday parties and even weddings for their pets and i have not seen dog tv but i bet it's pretty interesting if you're a dog so we now we're treating dogs and consider considering them as they are in fact actual people now humanization has moral consequences and one of the ways that psychologists and philosophers study uh moral thinking is through a little thought problem called the trolley problem and what the trolley problem is is this i'm going to give a simplified version of it is there in a situation where there's for some reason five people tied to a trolley track and there's a runaway trolley streaming down the trolley track and you're this person at the top of that bridge and there's a fat person there it's always a fat person by the way i i don't like this but this they always i guess because you've got to be that that person is going to be big enough you can push them off the bridge and stop the trolley so the question is what should you do is it permissible to push the fat guy off the bridge to kill one life in order to save five lives and there's all kind of you know what if the you know what the person you're going to put off push off as hitler versus you know mother teresa there's there's various ramifications you can do and in an experiment that i wish i had done but didn't richard tapo

tapolski made an animal version of the trolley problem and i want you to be thinking about this so in his version you have a bus headed toward a dog and a person and you can only save one you can run out from the bus and you can save either the dog or the person and the question is would you rather say would you say the dog or a foreign tourist a hometown stranger a distant cousin that you hardly ever see your best friend your grandmother or your sister remember the question you see a bus headed toward a dog and a person you can only say one what do people say so you ask them would you say the dog over the person what you say is that about most people say that they would save the the person rather than the dog but it does depend on how closely you closely relate so 14 say that they would save uh you know the dog over a foreign tourist and it goes down so nobody's going to let their grandma die to save a dog now if you change one word on this thing you get a different pattern of results and what would that word be you change it to my dog in this case i'll say their dog and all of a sudden 40 of people say that they're willing to let a foreign tourist die in order to save their dog now i'm not saying that they're actually going to do this but they they say that they would and that says volumes about our relationships with animals and again once you once again you can see you get down all the all the way to these people are willing to throw their grandmother under the bus you know i worry about them i worry about them this is another area where we can see where we can look for gender differences by the way and who's more likely to be truly horrible and throw a person under the bus to save a dog a man or a woman a woman buy a long shot so what we see is that there's a large sex difference women in this case are in blue men are in red as you can see women are much more likely at every category to save a person excuse me a dog rather rather than a person so um well how did this happen how did we get to a point in human history and our cultural life and our psychological life where we have humanized animals to the point where we consider them family members we consider our friends and we would actually you know at least say that we would save our pet over a person well it's a great example of what we're talking about in our panel last night yesterday evening which was gene cultural interaction and what i want is i want to talk about the biological aspects of the development of this relationship and then i want to talk about the cultural aspects so as everything in biology is charged with evolution and i'm not

telling you anything right now that you all don't know but dogs evolved from grey wolves um the minds of dogs and the minds of people evolve together so that's brian here who's well known for studies of cognitive abilities of dogs and research done at uh in his lab here at asu and many research facilities around the world now dogs have a special ability to understand human gestures pointing emotional expressions and so on adam mcclosey's team in hungary has shown that dogs can imitate complicated human behaviors to a degree that i find mind-boggling and some dogs can pick up language very quickly so this is the famous chaser john pelly's dog who was trained to recognize a thousand words arbitrary words for the name for toys you could say go get the gilch and chaser will get the gilch in one in one trial so phenomenal um connection that we have we have with you have with these creatures well here's what we don't know about the origins of dogs we don't know when it began some people will tell you 14 000 years ago some people say 35 000 years ago there's a difference between the architectural the archaeological evidence and the mitochondrial dna evidence one of the the classic example the first real evidence of a deep connection in the archaeological record between a person and a dog is this israeli burial site i don't know if you can see it from where you are but what that arrow is pointing at is what appears to be a young a puppy that was buried with this old with this old woman we don't know where it begins and there's papers that come out it seems like weekly saying that there's different sites of the origins of dogs some say the middle east some say southeast asia a couple of weeks ago a paper came out that said it was in siberia it may have happened at the same time in multiple places we don't really know and the other thing we don't really know is how this event occurred how these events occurred and ray coppinger is probably many of you know has sort of argued that basically wolves wolf tamed themselves but what we do know is that dogs look as catherine talked about the early dogs looks like these natural breeds so when you put the dogs in the garbage dump and they're able to sort of randomly breed themselves they tend to wind up with these features medium-sized perky ears short hair often brownish but as you can see from her slides often you know a wide a wide variety of colors but sometime in probably a couple two three four thousand years ago people began selecting whether intentionally or unselecting or unintentionally selecting for functions and simple functions like content guarding hurting and so you had the development

of breeds which completely took off until at some point we get the most variable creature on earth and there's a great dane weighing 200 pounds chihuahua weighing two pounds and by way of comparison this is roughly the difference between little old me over here and this bull elephant so this is the the the morphological that we have brought out in dogs have absolutely out absolutely been astounding and really in a very short period of time so presently there's probably pushing 500 different breeds of dogs now distinct breeds of dogs now and but most of these breeds are less than 200 years old so we have this sort of you know genetic sculpturing as it were of of the of the basic wolf what some point we begin selecting for cuteness as exemplified by this yorkshire retriever director yorkshire terrier and what these cute dogs do that we selected for is they release our parental instincts and so we have this this adorable lab puppy and we find him so adorable and usually if i'm in a big group what will happen is when i show that picture of this people inadvertently without knowing oh i just almost always women interestingly enough ah and why is it's the same release or the same set of stimuli that we see released by the features of human infants and of course walt disney has made use of this and the development of images of animals and entertainment that we find absolutely adorable so let's take a little quiz now and um which one is the cutest and those of you that are watching this worldwide uh you can twitter your response to julie heck at sparks 2015 and here's the test which is cute is the cat the i think that's another little lab or a little goldman retriever the german shepherd or that king charles cavalier's daniel okay you ready you have to raise your hands or clap or yell this is like the old queen for a day tv show where you yelled for the most woman who had the most pathetic wife but we're going to yell for the cutest creature how many are yelling for the cat two a couple how many are yelling for puppy i didn't say clap i said yeah but okay that'll do how many are clapping yelling for the german shepherd [Laughter] okay and how many for the king charles cavalier spaniel looks like lady and lady in the trap okay the winner is clear i ca i did a count i did a count and it was the puppy and this is exactly what john archer found in his study and why is the puppy win it's because puppies have these baby releasers which is what we have bred them for so we have this biological substrate we have this biological substrate but could sexual selection also be involved in our interactions with dogs and two two french

social psychologists in an experiment that i also i'm so jealous of was like why did not why didn't i think of that they recruited this handsome guy antoine they actually actually had like 10 guys they had women judge the hottest guy and this guy won the hottest guy contest so they used him as the model in the study and his job was to go up to single women young single women in a parisian mall and say i'll try my french here. antoine and then that's the end of my french and then he would say i've i've seen you walking by i find you attractive i'm busy right now but would you be interested in going out and having a drink with me later today and if so please give me your phone number now the independent ver the independent variable well there were two yeah what was the condition and so in one condition antoine walked up to the women randomly selected and asked them for their phone numbers and the other he was accompanied by this dog gwendu who um unfortunately a dog's nickname was dudu which has a different meaning apparently in french than it does in english so he walked he would and the other case he walked up to these women with the dog and the question is was would women be more likely to give him the phone number their phone number when he was with the dog and the answer was not only yes it was an astounding yes when he was with dudo his he tripled his hit rate with these women so it is at least possible that sexual selection might be he's increasing at least potentially his reproductive potential by being with the dog there's other possible reasons why evolution might have favored our uh relationship with dogs and that is that they may have an impact on our health and this is a widely held view and you see things you see articles like this usa today article all the time uh just having it having it not didn't say having a dog does have doesn't say does have a good says having a dog does improve your health uh marty becker celebrity uh veterinarians book healing power pets harnessing the amazing ability pets to make and keep people happy and healthy well do dogs actually keep us happy and healthy how good is the research on this what does the research show well here's the good news some studies show that pet owners have better health and there's a long litany and you can read this list lower blood pressure lower rates of depression lower stress fewer doctor visits they feel less lonely higher self-esteem improve sleep they're more physically active it's all good now when i was writing about this for my book what i did was i started looking at all these papers i had three piles of articles on my floor on my office floor

and one was this pile which was the papers the journal articles which says dogs are good for our health but then i started coming across these other articles so then there was a pile that said there was no difference and then there were a series of epidemiological studies that was pretty high which found that dogs are dog owners are worse off that dog owners are more depressed they're lonelier they're more likely to have panic attacks chronic tiredness that they don't sleep better they sleep worse they tend to have obesity ulcers migraine headaches 85 000 people a year in the united states alone are taken to hospital emergency rooms because they fall and cause a trip tripping over their pets and there is no evidence that as a group pet owners live longer than non-pet owners so i'm not arguing that dogs are bad for people i'm simply saying that they may be good for some people but they're not good for everybody and that the literature here is way more mixed than the media reports would have would have you believe so biology has an impact has impacted our relationship with dogs but i'm increasingly convinced that culture is even more important and take for example the kambu people of kenya i've got a friend and colleague who's an anthropologist but he's also a member of the he was born in kenya as a member of this tribe and he told me that the kimbu language has no word for pet they don't have any pets now they do have dogs but the dogs have a function the dogs are guard creatures what they do is they chase animals out of their gardens they keep strangers away i said niaga do you let your dog in your house and he said like nah nah i said would you let the dog sleep in your bed and it was like i asked you his response was so visceral was that like what are you insane let my dog sleep in my bed it's like i had somebody had said to me hey here's my pet rat you're going to sleep with them tonight okay and that was the way niagara responded to the idea of sleeping with the dog it just was not going to happen well that's one case but there's also an anthropological record on this and two anthropologist grae young did a wonderful article that appeared in the journal anthozos where they took 60 randomly selected cultures from the human area relations file and they looked at the role of pets in these cultures and almost all of these cultures people had dogs but in almost all these cultures dogs had dogs had functions so in most of the cultures as jeremy talked about today's wonderful talk this morning they were involved in hunting some cases they were involved in defense scaring away strangers other types of work such as herding

waste removal they served the sort of biological you know what kitchen waste you know disposal units you know kitchen for hidden waste and only three of these cultures did people treat dogs the way that we treated dog we treat dogs that they played with them regularly that they treated them like members of the family so the way that we think of dogs is not the historical norm in fact it's an anomaly now it's an anomaly which is spread rapidly across cultures but it's an anomaly just the same and we what we know is that there are huge differences in our relationships with animals in different cultures so for example about 20 years ago there was a craze for beetles in japan for giant rhinoceros beetles and and this continues today where you can go to pet shops and you can buy basically little cities for your pet beetles we think of dogs as pets and other countries that's seen as something to eat so for example next week is the major dog meat festival in japan excuse me in china and each year in china about 10 million dogs are killed for the meat trade uh these are dogs from the in a korean dog meat market they also sell pet dogs in the same market but they have different names this is the category here's called nurungi and they have different color cages but they sell them in different parts of the market but they have meat dogs and they have pet dogs and there's sort of a distinction between there so we have these large cultural differences in the united states it turns out that widespread pet keeping has not been the historical norm indeed it's a relatively recent phenomena and one of the most coolest things that google has developed i think is a little program which you can just download you don't have to download it you can just go to go to go to google and type in engram n-g-r-a-m and up will pop this thing and you can put in concepts names names of people names of events and what it does is it looks at the relative frequency that that word or phrase appears in books over the last 200 years so google has digitized something like 10 million books and they have four or five billion words digitized so what i did and you can look at changes in the frequencies of books over time so what i did was i put in the term pets and this is the engram for the term pets in the united states in american english and as you can see pets are pretty low profile and the term pet only begins to show up on our cultural landscape as defined by words in books basically after world war ii so you see this giant increase dramatic increase in the frequency of which pets are part of our cultural landscape really in the last 50 or 60 years so

it's a it's a fairly recent cultural phenomenon and i've been studying this as a cultural phenomenon i've been studying pets as a trent as a chain it's basically a form of fashion for several years now because i was able to get a really amazing data set from the american kennel club the american kennel club was founded in 1884. it sets the standard the breed standards for the recognized breeds of which there are close to 200 now and what the akc gave me was the registration statistics for every recognized breed of dog between 1927 and 2005. so my data set is the biggest data set not in the history of anthozology probably the history of all of social science so i have 60 million dogs in my data set if you have a purebred dog registered with the akc it's then you had it back then it's in my it's symbolized in a way in my in my computer so what my colleagues and i've been doing is we've been using this as as this akc data as a way of modeling how attitudes and choices in pets have changed in the last 60 or 70 years in the united states i think we've uncovered some pretty interesting things so for example here's a shift in the human dog relationship and that shift is the explosion of interest beginning right after world war ii in owning a purebred dog in the united states and what we see is that there between 1944 and 2019 97 there was a 20 000 percent increase in the number of american kennel club registrations and i think this is due to a a common cultural phenomena where people in the middle class the growing middle class the united states are emulating the rich back around the turn of the century when the akc got started pedigreed dogs were a rich person's hobby and what's happened is after world war ii this transmitted into the middle class and so we have this huge increase in purebred and purebred um we can learn stuff about this but what i'm interested in is whether or not there's been a shift in dogs from function to fashion so one of the things we've done with this data is we were able to to examine shifts in the growth trajectories and the popularity of breeds now remember what i'm doing is i'm using this as a model system so it's a way of sort of using mathematics to uh look at how we make decisions about about the the pets knowledge all right here's an absolute winner probably one of the most probably the most successful breed of dog in the american landscape labrador retriever it began taking off in the 1960s but note that the the growth of labs up to the point where the the akc was registering 200 000 labrador retriever puppies a year at one you know at the height of their popularity and what you can see here is the steady

growth a very steady growth of the popularity of this breed over time now this is not typical here's a more typical thing this is a loser i don't know anything about irish water spaniels i think that's a pretty cool looking dog but notice whereas the numbers of labs are in the hundreds of thousands these guys are in the hundreds and they're sort of they've never gotten out of the hundreds they're still in the hundreds they're still at the in the loser pile and most of the dog most dog breeds are in the loser pile they have never become popular i'm not going to talk about today i don't have time but basically what we argue is that most shifts in breed popularity are really the result of random chance like a lot of forms of popular culture change are and here's the graph that changed my life so i'm graphing i got this akc data and i'm and i'm doing i i don't know what to do it but all i know is i can i can draw a graph so i don't in excel so i so here's the graph that changed my life i've been doing social science now for at this point for like you know 40 or 50 years and i've never seen a graph like this i've drawn them as a pretend thing you know for students here's our bell curve but i've never seen actual data like that this is the rise and fall of the popularity of irish setters and this is the graph that i took this graph and i went running up and down the hall in my office showing all my colleagues look what i found look what i found and then they're scratching my head like i don't get it i don't get it but what it shows is this incredible fad now this is this is 70 000 behavioral choices that people make and then they suddenly change their mind and they fall from popularity now the interesting thing is that the exact same graph model certain other cultural phenomena for example baby names so for example this is the girl's name jennifer at about the same time you can see what happens is jennifer the jennifer anna instead she was born just about the time jennifer's were taken off is that baby names popular baby names rise and fall just like the popularity of dogs and so i was able to contact some researchers that study the mathematics of cultural change using baby names and they have taken my dog breed data and we've done a lot of research using i'm going to talk about some of some of that now so here's 11 dog breeds that show these rise and fall patterns and one of the things that we found about these dog breeds is also true of baby names is that the faster a breed goes up the faster it goes down it's no accident that labs are still popular they went up really slow but on the other hand what's the classic what's the most

dramatic the most dramatic fall was dalmatians dalmatians went up like that and they crashed just like that absolutely symmetrical graph by the way uh if you if you if you want to know how long these these fads occur almost it's almost always about 25 years it takes about 12 or 13 years for the dog to turn the breed to reach its peak within about 12 or 13 years for it to fall back to obscurity well people say well the movies have an effect on this and there's anecdotal data that they do so for example this was the release of uh this is a classic case the shaggy dog it was released in 1959 1960 all of a sudden it absolutely took off it increased ten thousand percent yeah english separate old english separate akc registrations increased ten thousand percent in about 12 years and absolutely stunning and then and then begin to crash well this is just an anomaly well recently my colleagues and i did a systematic study of this we looked at the effect of 29 dog movies but published excuse me uh that were that came out between 1927 and 2005. and what we found was sure enough with these boom and bust breeds there is an effect there is a bug movie effect that first week ticket sales of a dog movie predicted dog registrations even 10 years later so it's a fairly long lasting effect it's a big effect of the the breeds that had the biggest effect it relate it resulted in almost an 800 000 puppy registrations that's a hell of a lot of dogs interestingly enough what we also found was that in recent years like the last 10 or 10 or 15 years this effect has gone down so it's not nearly as important as it was in 1920s 1930s and 1940s the another question which i think is actually more interesting and i'm really excited about this is that we can ask the questions well why do things become popular anyway and we know that some things become popular because they're better so for example um iphones are certainly better in every sense they're absolutely better than these road than these rotary phones that some of you were probably not have never even seen a rotary phone but they're clunky old things they only did one thing that might my iphone can do everything just everything cannot open a can of beer but other than that it can do just about everything else but some things become popular for god knows what reason you know for example wearing baseball hats backwards why did that suddenly become popular why did the idea of wearing shoes that hurt your feet and make it impossible to walk straight how did that become popular so thumbs some things can become popular not because they have a functioner because they're better they might become popular because they're

stupid but everybody else is doing it and you want to be just as should i say that just as stupid as the next guy that's probably not right but humans humans are the best copycats in the world we're better copycats than any other than any other animal i think i'm pretty confident saying that so we were able to test this hypothesis and we asked the question do better breeds and i put that better in quotes i know some of you are going to jump on me for saying some freezer better than others but i'm not going to change my mind about that so some breeds are better are breeds that are easier to live with do they become more popular so the data we use is a breed that some people a day that some people like some people don't like and that's james circle cbark data and this is data on owner reports on problem behaviors mostly problem behaviors in their dogs so he's got 80 000 some odd uh owner reports internet surveys and things like that about people's dogs all the way from the strange regression owner aggression you know you know big bunch of pain in the neck behaviors there and we're able to correlate these behaviors with indexes of breed popularity total registrations akc registrations rates of increase in rates or decrease now if people are picking dogs rationally you would expect that dogs that were better behaved had fewer behavior problems as reported by their owner would become more popular that is to say there would be a positive correlation substantial positive correlation between behavior problems frequency behavior problems and repopularity we also had data on number of genetic diseases that the dog is prone to have and we're able to look at both of these well this is what we found first of all behaviors we had 80 dog breeds that's the correlation we found with behavior you don't have to be a statistical genius to know that that's nothing in other words there was absolutely no correlation between a dog a breed's behavior and whether or not it became popular or not however there was a correlation between genetic diseases and breed popularity and what we found was surprising sure surprised me what we found was that the more breeds had more genetic problems there was a positive almost a positive 6.60 correlation between between breed popularity and genetic problems so oddly the more popular the breed the more problems it goes and this is exemplified by this dog right here the bulldog now i don't know maybe some bulldog owners here but i hope you your veterinarian loves you if you're a bulldog owner um they are prone to a a huge number of problems uh because of their strange way that we've bred them sudden

death dental problems narcolepsy snorting dermatitis joint diseases cleft palate and a tendency to fart a lot so you would think that this breed would be becoming less popular if people were making random making rational decisions as opposed to crowd mentality decisions this is the graph of bulldog registrations in the akc bulldog registration united states as you can see these dogs continue to grow in popularity despite their well-known veterinary problems well the most recent cultural change in dog popularity is the decline of interest in purebred so by my friend steve salistowski who just talked reminds me periodically really i'm talking about a decline in akc registrations and i think that's somewhat represents interest in purebreds but i'm not ready to ready to argue that but what we do see is that there's been an incredible decline in registrations with the american kennel club so people are simply not registering their dogs nearly now with the akc as much as they were before now the question is why akc registrations by the way have tanked um since about 1977 when they reached their peak when about 1.6 million new puppies a year were being registered they're down by 60 or 70 percent now they're down to about 30 or 40 percent of what they were 15 15 or 20 years ago so why is this it's because of the rise of a new trend in dogs and that is the moral superiority of having a rescue dog and this is an engram of the frequency of when i typed rescue animal into engram and found that interest in rescue animals began to go up really between about night about 1987 all of a sudden it begins to absolutely take off and i don't know about you but i used to i i've talked to a lot of people over the years about their dogs and it used to be that i would say oh you know somebody with a dog and i said tell me about your dog and they say oh it's a purebred colony or a purebred pug or something like that nobody ever tells me that anymore the first word out of their mouth 90 of the time is a sentence that has the word rescue animal in it and we heard two instances of that that just in the last couple days with speakers that mentioned that their dog they said she was a shelter dog or she was a rescue dog so um my sense is that this is actually a well why is the purebred boom gone bust well there's the increasingly well-known problems that purebred animals have bad pup bad publicity associated with puppy mills and then this idea of what psychologists call moralization the idea that a neutral behavior or a negative behavior sometimes becomes morally acceptable or even morally preferable and i think now when you know if you say you've got a rescue dog

you've got a rescue dog because you're a good person you're a savior you saved that dog so the question i don't know how many these rescue dogs are actually rescue dogs but i do know everybody now tells me that their dog is a rescue dog um so here's my take home message from sparks 2015. first of all the human dog relationships evolve via the co-evolution of genes and culture both of these are important i used to think that genes were the most important thing driving it in recent years i've changed my mind i've become much more of a i i appreciate the role of cultural much more than i used to um in the last 30 years i think we've seen a new and dramatically new trend with this idea the humanization of dogs exemplified by a new york times editorial by a researcher good researcher greg byrne who the title was dogs are people too and increasingly our think of dogs as people too there are and this is not generally recognized but there are enormous cultural differences in how dogs are viewed and how dogs are treated in this world i think our akc data has shown that our choices in dogs can change our pre our preferences and those can change incredibly rapidly they're often fads they're often as irrational and they be and they basically uh show that dogs have become forms of fashion just like clothing becomes a form of fashion or music becomes a form of fashion popularity rises rises and falls and finally my bottom line is that when we study our relationships with animals what we really do is we learn about ourselves and if you're interested in more stuff uh my book some we love someone hates when we some we eat is a general view of sort of a lot of issues in anthropology it's there's a chapter on dogs a chapter on pets with chapters on lots of other things too so i think it's probably pretty good general overview of the field and i do write as julie mentioned i do write a blog called animal us for psychology today now warning my blog is not nearly as cool as julie's brilliant dog a brilliant blog for scientific american and that's it questions [Applause]